what race were sumerianswhat race were sumerians

Some female slaves were used as concubines by the master. The term therefore came to include Arabs, Akkadians, Canaanites, Hebrews, some Ethiopians (including the Amhara and the Tigrayans ), and Aramaean tribes. The foundation stonesor rather bricksof a house were consecrated by certain objects that were deposited under them."[56]. Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional. [60], The Sumerians generally seem to have discouraged premarital sex. About the race of sumerians, an assyriologist V.V.Emelyanov says that they belong to the mediterranean race of a big aucasian race, and that they were swarthy But is this picture correct? This made it a melting pot of languages and cultures that stimulated a lasting impact on writing, technology, language, trade, religion, and law. [citation needed], Others have suggested a continuity of Sumerians, from the indigenous hunter-fisherfolk traditions, associated with the bifacial assemblages found on the Arabian littoral. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The irrigation was accomplished by the use of shaduf, canals, channels, dykes, weirs, and reservoirs. The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms that supported temples. His empire collapsed shortly after his death. Triangular or wedge-shaped reeds were used to write on moist clay. The credit for this must go to the Reverend Edward Hincks (1792-1866). In this way the Sumerians were appreciated and valued in new ways, especially through museum displays in London, Philadelphia and Chicago where a substantial number of the excavated objects had been sent as a result of the division of finds. 77 The mortals were indeed the Sumerians, a non-Semitic racial type that conquered southern Babylonia, and the deities were Semitic, taken over by the newly arrived Sumerians from the indigenous Semites. Plants were also grown in pots or vases. WebSemite, name given in the 19th century to a member of any people who speak one of the Semitic languages, a family of languages spoken primarily in parts of western Asia and Africa. It was their literary compositions that were used by twentieth century scholars to maintain a compelling picture of the Sumerians as a distinct people. 'head' + 'black', or , sag-gg-ga phonetically /sa i a/, lit. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2023 FAQS Clear - All Rights Reserved That these two racial groups were opponents appeared to be suggested by cuneiform inscriptions: the Semitic dynasty of King Sargon defeated the Sumerians and, despite a brief renaissance, they ultimately succumbed to the more aggressive population. What race were the ancient Sumerians? AnswersAll [62]:9192, From the earliest records, the Sumerians had very relaxed attitudes toward sex[63] and their sexual mores were determined not by whether a sexual act was deemed immoral, but rather by whether or not it made a person ritually unclean. [64][63][60], Prostitution existed but it is not clear if sacred prostitution did. [96][97], Several Indus seals with Harappan script have also been found in Mesopotamia, particularly in Ur, Babylon and Kish. AbydosDynasty Of course, there is no such thing as a Sumerian king list. 11., 1939), Jacobsen, Thorkild (1976), "The Harps that Once; Sumerian Poetry in Translation" and "Treasures of Darkness: a history of Mesopotamian Religion", George, Andrew (Translator) (2003), "The Epic of Gilgamesh" (Penguin Classics). Beds, stools and chairs were used, with carved legs resembling those of an ox. WebWhat ethnicity was Sumerians? The necessity to manage temple accounts with this organization led to the development of writing (c. 3500 BC). What was the race of the Sumerians? Were they African The finding of resin in the tomb of Queen Puabi at Ur, indicates it was traded from as far away as Mozambique. WebWhat race were the ancient Sumerians? Teaching materials", "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East", "mtDNA from the Early Bronze Age to the Roman Period Suggests a Genetic Link between the Indian Subcontinent and Mesopotamian Cradle of Civilization", "Sumerians had connections with the Caucasus", "Lexical Matches between Sumerian and Hurro-Urartian: Possible Historical Scenarios", "Has the Garden of Eden been located at last? Some slaves worked in the fields, but this was pretty uncommon since the wealthy were generally not involved in farming. Semite [49] However, it is certain that Akkadian was also briefly imposed on neighboring parts of Elam that were previously conquered, by Sargon. Uruk, one of Sumer's largest cities, has been estimated to have had a population of 50,00080,000 at its height;[53] given the other cities in Sumer, and the large agricultural population, a rough estimate for Sumer's population might be 0.8 million to 1.5 million. The Sumerians can seem very familiar. [59]:78 One Sumerian proverb describes the ideal, happy marriage through the mouth of a husband who boasts that his wife has borne him eight sons and is still eager to have sex. Thus, in the later Akkadian Enuma Elish, creation was seen as the union of fresh and salt water, between male Abzu, and female Tiamat. Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques, such as buttresses, recesses, half columns, and clay nails. It was believed that when people died, they would be confined to a gloomy world of Ereshkigal, whose realm was guarded by gateways with various monsters designed to prevent people entering or leaving. The original pyramidal structure, the "Anu Ziggurat" dates to around 4000 BC, and the White Temple was built on top of it c. 3500 BC. If you already receive ANE Today in your email, you do not need to enter your email address here. Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, Symposium Series IV 16. The Sumerian people who settled here farmed the lands in this region that were made fertile by silt deposited by the Tigris and the Euphrates. Nippur retained this status throughout the Sumerian period. [16][17][18][19][20] In contrast to its Semitic neighbours, it was not an inflected language. Some are surprisingly familiar. In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. There were fire-places and fire-altars. Origin and race of sumerians | e n e n u r u - ProBoards Many transactions involved debt, for example goods consigned to merchants by temple and beer advanced by "ale women". They wrapped around the body and tied with a belt at the waist to hold the skirts up. Following the downfall of the Akkadian Empire at the hands of Gutians, another native Sumerian ruler, Gudea of Lagash, rose to local prominence and continued the practices of the Sargonic kings' claims to divinity. The frequent violent floods of the Tigris, and less so, of the Euphrates, meant that canals required frequent repair and continual removal of silt, and survey markers and boundary stones needed to be continually replaced. [88], Evidence for imports from the Indus to Ur can be found from around 2350 BC. The center of Sumerian culture remained in southern Mesopotamia, even though rulers soon began expanding into neighboring areas, and neighboring Semitic groups adopted much of Sumerian culture for their own. Cities became walled, and increased in size as undefended villages in southern Mesopotamia disappeared. The ancient Sumerians, the "black-headed ones," lived in the southern part of what is now Iraq. It is possible that the majority of people living here had spoken Sumerian but it may have become an increasingly bi-lingual world in which people moved between Sumerian and Akkadian according to social and religious demands and expectations. Sumerians caught many fish and hunted fowl and gazelle.[83]. [ambiguous], The term "Sumer" (Sumerian: eme-gi or eme-gir15, Akkadian: umeru)[5] is the name given to the language spoken by the "Sumerians", the ancient non-Semitic-speaking inhabitants of southern Mesopotamia, by their successors the East Semitic-speaking Akkadians. In particular, the metals of all types had to be imported. The Sumerians engaged in siege warfare between their cities, but the mudbrick walls were able to deter some foes. Later, the Third Dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and Shulgi (c. 21122004 BC, middle chronology), whose power extended as far as southern Assyria, has been erroneously called a "Sumerian renaissance" in the past. Although short-lived, one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash, who annexed practically all of Sumer, including Kish, Uruk, Ur, and Larsa, and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma, arch-rival of Lagash. Granaries and storehouses were usually located near the temples. To the south of the region of Standing Male Worshipper. Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths. During the Akkadian and Ur III phases, there was a shift from the cultivation of wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley, but this was insufficient, and during the period from 2100 BC to 1700 BC, it is estimated that the population in this area declined by nearly three-fifths. Mesopotamia [14] The Akkadians also called the Sumerians 'black-headed people', or almat-qaqqadi, in the Semitic Akkadian language. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for about two thousand years. Evidence from sites like Tell Brak in Syria suggest that cities may have developed in northern Mesopotamia in parallel or even before those in the south. The decipherment of cuneiform in the mid nineteenth century revealed that a majority of the known inscriptions recorded a Semitic language that would come to be termed Akkadian. Your email address will not be published. According to Hudson, the purpose of these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened the fighting force, which could happen if peasants lost their subsistence land or became bondservants due to inability to repay their debt. They were already light-skinned. Proto-cuneiform tablet accounting for the distribution of fields, from Jemdet Nasr, Iraq, about 3100-2900 BC. WebThe Sumerians were Andites, a genetic mix of Nodites and Adamites. Sumerians were called Black headed, because they most likely had black heads. Different approaches to understanding the Sumerians have, however, emerged in the last forty years. Mud-brick buildings eventually deteriorate, so they were periodically destroyed, leveled, and rebuilt on the same spot. The dead were buried outside the city walls in graveyards where a small mound covered the corpse, along with offerings to monsters and a small amount of food. What race were the ancient Sumerians? Tracks-movie.com 'head' + 'black' + 'carry'). The Epic of Gilgamesh was written in the standard Sumerian cuneiform. Native Sumerian rule re-emerged for about a century in the Third Dynasty of Ur at approximately 21002000 BC, but the Akkadian language also remained in use for some time. [28], Some scholars contest the idea of a Proto-Euphratean language or one substrate language; they think the Sumerian language may originally have been that of the hunting and fishing peoples who lived in the marshland and the Eastern Arabia littoral region and were part of the Arabian bifacial culture. Ki is the Sumerian word for earth, and she was personified as a goddess and female counterpart to An (the heaven god). Rather, it was farmers who built the pyramids during flooding, when they could not work in their lands. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The texts mention that at some point the gods mutinied against their labour. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. Ancient Mesopotamia Sumerians believed in an anthropomorphic polytheism, or the belief in many gods in human form. WebThe Sumerians are said to have originated in the Middle East and their descendants are the modern Assyrians, Mandaeans, Iraqi Arabs and the Marsh Arabs. Some of the most famous masterpieces are the Lyres of Ur, which are considered to be the world's oldest surviving stringed instruments. [57], Inscriptions describing the reforms of king Urukagina of Lagash (c. 2350 BC) say that he abolished the former custom of polyandry in his country, prescribing that a woman who took multiple husbands be stoned with rocks upon which her crime had been written. What race were the Sumerian? - tikalsoft.com Although completely discredited today, such racial science grouped people (both in the past as well as the contemporary world) into types based on their language, religion, technological abilities and physical appearance, so as to situate them on a sliding scale from primitive to civilized. Eighty-two years later (1526), Spanish explorers brought the first African slaves to settlements in what would become the United Statesa fact the Times gets wrong. There was little evidence of organized warfare or professional soldiers during the Uruk period, and towns were generally unwalled. Assembled from archaeological and written evidence over the past 150 years, the idea of a Sumerian people has been shaped by the shifting social, political and intellectual contexts of scholarship and popular reception. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome. WebWho were the ancestors of the Sumerians? Sumerians What ethnicity was Sumerians? They built this by constructing and linking several arches. Customarily, rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop failure. [78] The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side. The potters used a bow drill to produce the fire needed for baking the pottery. What race were Akkadians? This constant rebuilding gradually raised the level of cities, which thus came to be elevated above the surrounding plain. After around 2000 B.C., ancient Sumerian gradually died off as a spoken language in the region. The resultant hills, known as tells, are found throughout the ancient Near East. The Ubaid period is marked by a distinctive style of fine quality painted pottery which spread throughout Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf. 77 The mortals were indeed the Sumerians, a non-Semitic racial typethat conquered southern Babylonia, and the deities were Semitic, taken over by the newly arrived Sumerians from the indigenous Semites. What race were Sumerians? It tells of a king from the early Dynastic II period named Gilgamesh or "Bilgamesh" in Sumerian. Ki. By the Ur III period, farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop. The Epic of Gilgamesh refers to trade with far lands for goods, such as wood, that were scarce in Mesopotamia. Servants, slaves, and soldiers wore short skirts, while royalty and deities wore long skirts. However, no affinity of Natufians to sub-Saharan Africans is evident in our genome-wide analysis, as present-day sub-Saharan Africans do not share more alleles with Natufians than with other ancient Eurasians" in, Margarethe Uepermann (2007), "Structuring the Late Stone Age of Southeastern Arabia" (, Leick, Gwendolyn (2003), "Mesopotamia, the Invention of the City" (Penguin), "The stepped design of the Pyramid of Zoser at Saqqara, the oldest known pyramid along the Nile, suggests that it was borrowed from the Mesopotamian ziggurat concept." Print. Since Sumerian writing emerged c. 3200 BC. Akkadian and Sumerian coexisted as vernacular languages for about one thousand years, but by around 1800 BC, Sumerian was becoming more of a literary language familiar mainly only to scholars and scribes. Although the idea of the Sumerians as a distinct people was initially challenged (in a very acrimonious scholarly debate informed by anti-Semitic prejudice), a historical framework was established in which they were thought to have arrived from outside Mesopotamia, introducing civilization to the region. At a basic level, the Sumerians can be defined by their language, which is recognisable in cuneiform texts dating from around 2800 BCE to the early centuries CE. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. drought He was the last ethnically Sumerian king before Sargon of Akkad.[35]. It was provided with a door which turned on a hinge, and could be opened with a sort of key; the city gate was on a larger scale, and seems to have been double. The Tigris-Euphrates plain lacked minerals and trees. What race were Sumerians? ipodbatteryfaq.com , Studied history and geography for years. Examples of Sumerian technology include: the wheel, cuneiform script, arithmetic and geometry, irrigation systems, Sumerian boats, lunisolar calendar, bronze, leather, saws, chisels, hammers, braces, bits, nails, pins, rings, hoes, axes, knives, lancepoints, arrowheads, swords, glue, daggers, waterskins, bags, harnesses, armor, quivers, war chariots, scabbards, boots, sandals, harpoons and beer. Sumerian princess of the time of Gudea c. 2150 BC. [43][pageneeded]. [22] Although not specifically discussing Sumerians, Lazaridis et al. Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests. This is consistent with Andonite genetic heritage, which gave rise 500,000 years ago to the six Sangik races. Ecologically, the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Sumerian farmers grew an abundance of grain and other crops, the surplus from which enabled them to form urban settlements. Nonetheless, these were not exclusive; the gods of one city were often acknowledged elsewhere. It is an agglutinative language; in other words, morphemes ("units of meaning") are added together to create words, unlike analytic languages where morphemes are purely added together to create sentences. Most historians have suggested that Sumer was first permanently settled between c. 5500 and 4000 BC by a West Asianpeople who [105], Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. White slaves were brought to Egypt from the eastern coast of the Black Sea and from the Circassian settlements of Anatolia via Istanbul. The rest of the resources and tools that Sumerian slaves used were rather typical of Later Stone Age and Early Bronze Age technology. Anu ziggurat and White Temple at Uruk. The world population at this time has been estimated at 27 million.[54]. What race were Sumerians? They were thought to be the offspring of the goddess Nammu and were originally united as one. Indeed, could it be that the Sumerians are in some sense an invention of modern scholarship, a homogenizing concept rooted in attempts to essentialize and classify population groups based on language? Sign up here to receive ANE Today in your inbox weekly! Since stone was rare it was reserved for sculpture. The Sumerians were Black Rawlinson was convinced that there was a relationship between the Sumerians and Africans. As a result he used two African languages: one Semitic and the other Cushitic to decipher the cuneiform writing. Rawlinson was sure that the ancient Nubians and Puntites founded Mesopotamian civilization.(1) The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. Several centuries after the invention of cuneiform, the use of writing expanded beyond debt/payment certificates and inventory lists to be applied for the first time, about 2600 BC, to messages and mail delivery, history, legend, mathematics, astronomical records, and other pursuits. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}32N 46E / 32N 46E / 32; 46, (Shamshi-Adad dynasty18081736 BCE)(Amorites)Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of serving them. Unfortunately, the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields. 77 The mortals were indeed the Sumerians, a non-Semitic racial type that conquered southern Babylonia, and the deities were Semitic, Crucially, a better understanding of the languages of Mesopotamia has revealed a much more complex and nuanced picture. Perhaps it is time to abandon them as a coherent ethnic and linguistic entity a people we would like to believe existed, but possibly never did. The previous Lagash dynasty, Gudea and his descendants also promoted artistic development and left a large number of archaeological artifacts. Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification. [43]:23, The Uruk period civilization, exported by Sumerian traders and colonists (like that found at Tell Brak), had an effect on all surrounding peoples, who gradually evolved their own comparable, competing economies and cultures. The first known ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash in 24002350 BC. WebWhat race were the ancient Sumerians? The Sumerian city-states rose to power during the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods. Sumerian speakers were among the earliest people to record their beliefs in writing, and were a major inspiration in later Mesopotamian mythology, religion, and astrology. A woman (munus) went from being a daughter (dumu-mi), to a wife (dam), then if she outlived her husband, a widow (numasu) and she could then remarry another man who was from the same tribe. Monumental inscriptions and texts on different objects, like statues or bricks, are also very common. The Sumerians used slaves, although they were not a major part of the economy. The Best Technical and Innovative Podcasts you should Listen, Essay Writing Service: The Best Solution for Busy Students, 6 The Best Alternatives for WhatsApp for Android, The Best Solar Street Light Manufacturers Across the World, Ultimate packing list while travelling with your dog. What was the race of Sumerians? Register today for FREE to become a Friend of ASOR so that you can join our team and receive exclusive benefits (The Ancient Near East Today and Online Resources). ", The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization, "Complexity, Diminishing Marginal Returns and Serial Mesopotamian Fragmentation", "Flutes of Gilgamesh and Ancient Mesopotamia", "Chapter 3: Sex in Ancient Civilizations", Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary, Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-017-9106-2, "The Role of shell in Mesopotamia: evidence for trade exchange with Oman and the Indus Valley", "Indus stamp-seal discovered in Ur BM 123208", "Indus stamp-seal discovered in Ur BM 120228", "History of Constellation and Star Names", Ancient Sumer History The History of the Ancient Near East Electronic Compendium, ETCSL: The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, CDLI: Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Iraq Region, Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sumer&oldid=1142050435, States and territories established in the 4th millennium BC, States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC, States and territories disestablished in the 20th century BC, Populated places established in the 6th millennium BC, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2012, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia introduction cleanup from October 2022, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2022, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2022, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing Sumerian-language text, Articles containing Akkadian-language text, Articles containing Ancient Egyptian-language text, Articles containing Hittite-language text, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022, Articles lacking reliable references from March 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Early Dynastic IIIb period: c. 25002334 BC, "Pottery was very plentiful, and the forms of the vases, bowls and dishes were manifold; there were special jars for honey, butter, oil and wine, which was probably made from dates. [24] According to some data, the Sumerians are associated with the Hurrians and Urartians, and the Caucasus is considered their homeland. What Is The Difference Between Implicit And Imply? What was the race of Sumerians? Mirroring the way that muddy islands emerge from the confluence of fresh and salty water at the mouth of the Euphrates, where the river deposits its load of silt, a second hieros gamos supposedly resulted in the creation of Anshar and Kishar, the "sky-pivot" (or axle), and the "earth pivot", parents in turn of Anu (the sky) and Ki (the earth). For example, Imports to Ur came from many parts of the world. What is the media tool used in Mesopotamia in 2400 BC? The secret to creating humanity was the manipulation of DNA by the gods. Most difficult are the earliest texts, which in many cases do not give the full grammatical structure of the language and seem to have been used as an "aide-mmoire" for knowledgeable scribes. Sumerians believed that the universe consisted of a flat disk enclosed by a dome. Sumer was conquered by the Semitic-speaking kings of the Akkadian Empire around 2270 BC (short chronology), but Sumerian continued as a sacred language. [52] This greatly upset the balance of power within the region, weakening the areas where Sumerian was spoken, and comparatively strengthening those where Akkadian was the major language. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. Sumer - Wikipedia 'un-deflowered', or gi nunzua, 'never having known a penis'. [15], Most historians have suggested that Sumer was first permanently settled between c. 5500 and 4000 BC by a West Asian people who spoke the Sumerian language (pointing to the names of cities, rivers, basic occupations, etc., as evidence), a non-Semitic and non-Indo-European agglutinative language isolate. The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur III, reveals a glimpse at societal structure in late Sumerian law. [1][2][3][4] For example, the Sumerian king Shulgi described himself as "the king of the four quarters, the pastor of the black-headed people". They drained the marshes for agriculture, developed trade, and established industries, including weaving, leatherwork, metalwork, masonry, and pottery. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language families. Slave women worked as weavers, pressers, millers, and porters. [86] The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system. The two beads etched with patterns in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley. [48] Eannatum's Stele of the Vultures depicts vultures pecking at the severed heads and other body parts of his enemies. It is one of the cradles of civilization in the world, along with ancient Egypt, Elam, the Caral-Supe civilization, Mesoamerica, the Indus Valley civilisation, and ancient China. Credited with the invention of nothing less than cities, writing and the wheel, they hold an ancient mirror to our own urban, literate world. There is a consensus among Egyptologists that the Great Pyramids were not built by slaves. [93], The Indus Valley Civilization only flourished in its most developed form between 2400 and 1800 BC, but at the time of these exchanges, it was a much larger entity than the Mesopotamian civilization, covering an area of 1.2 million square meters with thousands of settlements, compared to an area of only about 65.000 square meters for the occupied area of Mesopotamia, while the largest cities were comparable in size at about 3040,000 inhabitants.
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