The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). Use your outline Elizabeth lived quietly at her . Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. West Yorkshire, [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. Foreign Affairs. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. By 1568 most people had accepted. Register for free, Home / It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Company Reg no: 04489574. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. What were the causes of westward The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. This focused on dividing the poor into the able-bodied and the impotent. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. he could also overthrow her. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. migration? A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. Between the period between 1577 and 1580, Drake sailed around the world and carried out a number of raids on Spanish settlements and ships. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. Henry himself gave people cause . During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. Roman Catholics . The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. VAT reg no 816865400. Most people in . In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. Time line for foreign policy 1559- 1571. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. Most of the new ships were being built in the deepwater port Portuguese port of Lisbon which was protected by strong fortifications. Company Reg no: 04489574. The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. This increased tension between England and Spain. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed however Mary was not punished beyond her supervision being made tighter. 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The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. One factor Elizabeth had to face, which was seen as a huge disadvantage, was her gender. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. VAT reg no 816865400. A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign.
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