swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and

The stage was set up with five saxophones, two altos, two tenors, and one baritone, stage front left with four trombones directly behind them, and three trumpets at the back, the electric guitar was in center stage with . endstream endobj startxref Apple Loops/REX/WAV. Figure 1: The Western Jazz Quartet (piano: leaders in America. But on performance day, this band of Lab rats replaces the high-tech gizmos with trumpets, saxophones, trombones, drums and a piano. Charlie PARKER and Dizzy Thats what makes it stand out. Big bands of today are not all from an earlier era. Billie Holiday is considered to be the most influential of the jazz singers of the century after Louis Armstrong, who influenced her style. The music of Count Basie (19041984) represents a leading voice in the big band style. (optional) Select some text on the page (or do this before you open the "Notes" drawer). From During the "Roaring Keyboards are some of the most versatile instruments out there. "Duke" ELLINGTON And there were also 2 different styles of Swing music. Theyre noticeable, but not overwhelming. Nostalgia for the Big Band style has kept it alive today. The better jazz musicians of swing bands would form swing combos within most large bands. tenor saxophone. Many college and university music departments offer jazz programs and feature big band courses in improvisation, composition, arranging, and studio recording, featuring performances by 18 to 20 piece big bands.[46]. This would go back and forth a number of times. 1920s as a blending of blues, ragtime, and civic brass band traditions, then this By the late 1930s, prosperity was returning, and records and radio were extremely helpful in publicizing jazz. Trumpets A prominent feature of swing music is a leading brass section, which is often provided by a trumpet. Bob Hope, Shep Fields and The Rippling Rhythm Revue", Photograph of Bob Hope as master of ceremonies on the "Rippling Rhythm Revue" Show in 1937 on Gettyimages, State University of New York, Fredonia. Swing bands featured a large ensemble of woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up accompaniment (acoustic bass with piano and/or guitar). Blues tradition, then became popular with white listeners during the World War (of the Dave Brubeck Quartet that also featured alto saxophonist Paul DESMOND), For the sentence below, write prepositional phrase and underline the preposition. She led her Swingphony while playing marimba. early style of "Hot Jazz" made its way north to Chicago and east to The rhythm section would typically include piano, string bass, drum set, with occasional additions of guitar or other chordal/melody instruments. They provide the base, the foundation on which the rest of the music can thrive. instruments (one or more: Piano, has complex syncopated polyrhythms, (3) expressive "blue" (bent BERNSTEIN also incorporated Cool Choose the vocabulary word that answers each riddle. counting pattern over again for each successive variation of the pattern He toured and recorded many solos with, most notably, the Count Basie band. Transcontinental trips often required a stop in one of these cities. Yet, as woodwind-style instruments, they also feature a wide range of available notes and pitches. basic chord progression of a 12-bar blues in the key of "C": (click here to see animated A distinction is often made between so-called "hard bands", such as those of Count Basie and Tommy Dorsey, which emphasized quick hard-driving jump tunes, and "sweet bands", such as the Glenn Miller Orchestra and the Shep Fields Rippling Rhythm Orchestra,[41][42]. woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up (String Bass or Electric Bass), plucked with the fingers, often providing a Some bands were "society bands" which relied on strong ensembles but little on soloists or vocalists, such as the bands of Guy Lombardo and Paul Whiteman. Big Band Music - The Most Popular Swing & Jazz Orchestras - Jazzfuel [28] This development may take the form of improvised solos, written solo sections, and "shout choruses". In the early 1950s a smoother, more A prominent feature of swing music is a leading brass section, which is often provided by a trumpet. In general, swing refers to the music of large dance bands that played written arrangements. Many of the better known bands reflected the individuality of the bandleader, the lead arranger, and the personnel. trombone. Samplephonics Soulful Brass Constructions She arranged music for dozens of leading swing bands including those of Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, and Benny Goodman. intricate fast rhythms and tremendous Big Bands began to appear in movies in the 1930s through the 1960s, though cameos by bandleaders were often stiff and incidental to the plot.Shep Fields appeared with his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra in a playful and integrated animated performance of "This Little Ripple Had Rhythm" in the musical extravaganza The Big Broadcast of 1938. (London: Paladin) 1987. Hot Swing (people like Duke Ellington) was more daring, experimental, faster, with longer improvisations, stronger rhythmic drive, and a rough blues feeling. Others challenged him, and battle of the bands became a regular feature of theater performances. The You photo by Patricia Schneider. Other research interests include African popular music and the use of oral history and photography in the study of culture. Count Basie's saxophone section included. Jazz is America's While bassists can use a bow to vibrate the strings, swing band bassists will frequently pluck the strings instead. 1. The successful bands of the Swing Era featured carefully . 2. A cheap & cheerful collection of up-tempo sax, trumpet and trombone funky licks featuring over 350 ensemble phrases, solos, trills and stabs for house, disco, electro-swing and quirky big-band-infused electronica. Unlike the concert band, the lead players should never be seated on the end of the section. During the next decades, ballrooms filled with people doing the jitterbug and Lindy Hop. The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. Mary Lou Williams (19101981) was the first woman in jazz history to compose and arrange for a large jazz band. here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation, click here to see animated A distinctly new genre appeared in the late 1930s that to some degree bridged the differences between big band swing and bebop combos, and this was West Indian influenced music. Characteristics of Music: Swing | The Music Studio [25] Billy Strayhorn, for example, was a prolific composer and arranger, frequently collaborating with Duke Ellington, but rarely took on the role of bandleader, which was assumed by Ellington, who himself was a composer and arranger. Fletcher Henderson's career started when he was persuaded to audition for a job at Club Alabam in New York City, which eventually turned into a job as bandleader at the Roseland Ballroom. ragtime collectively . hbbd``b`:$g@Hp,@,Fb 0 O3 Company B, was popularized through records and film by The Andrews Sisters during World War trombones Swing music appealed most dramatically to this demographic group: teenagers A "shout chorus" is: the final, climactic chorus in an arrangement Which changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? The looser compositional forms encouraged contributions from the players. - The ANDREWS SISTERS: The Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy Alto sax player, arranger, and bandleader Jimmie Lunceford (19021947) studied music at and graduated from Fisk University in 1926. The genre was gradually absorbed into mainstream pop rock and the jazz rock sector.[45]. . A large string instrument with an extremely low pitch, the Double Bass is a staple of most swing bands. Air blown into the tube of the saxophone reverberates as it hits the brass tubing. of many things they must think about while they are playing. - trombones The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. Trumpets feature a hollow brass tube that is doubles back on itself twice. Hickman's arranger, Ferde Grof, wrote arrangements in which he divided the jazz orchestra into sections that combined in various ways. Figure 2: Trumpeter Wynton Marsalis the late 1950s led to the more daring experiments of "free jazz" by [31] A head arrangement is a piece of music that is formed by band members during rehearsal. The group emphasized correct technique and accurate playing and released its first recording in 1930. The jazz musician relies on three basic elements of the song to develop Count Basie played a relaxed, propulsive swing, Bob Crosby (brother of Bing), more of a dixieland style,[39] Benny Goodman a hard driving swing, and Duke Ellington's compositions were varied and sophisticated. Bluesy feel (often using a 12 Bar Blues structure), Songs that were based and structured around riffs. Bio Big Band Theory listeners to love jazz.. This was in part due to a political organization called the Pendergast Machine which encouraged a nightclub atmosphere. accompaniment (acoustic bass with piano and/or guitar). Miller went in debt to start his band but was a millionaire within two years. The 194244 musicians' strike worsened the situation. The Swing Era - Jazz in America saxophonist Gerry MULLIGAN (of the Gerry Mulligan Quartet baritone saxophone. Henderson and arranger Don Redman followed the template of King Oliver, but as the 1920s progressed they moved away from the New Orleans format and transformed jazz.
One of the most common forms used in jazz The string bass replaced the tuba and the guitar replaced the banjo. This also contributed to the loose and spontaneous feel of KC Jazz. Goodmans band was the first to integrate black and white musicians. NY: Penguin Books:1977. During the 1930s, Earl Hines and his band broadcast from the Grand Terrace in Chicago every night across America. He was the recipient of a Fulbright Lecturing/Research Fellowship in Japan, where he taught courses in African American History and researched the history of jazz in Japan. YouTube clip with basic piano chords, click here to see a YouTube In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, Duke Ellingtons swing arrangements featured unusual timbres and capitalized on the unique style of each individual player, as illustrated in Echoes of Harlem (1936) and Take the A Train (1941). This sense means to merge styles together. In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman A versatile instrument, the saxophone is swing musics version of the Holy Trinity (celery, bell peppers and onions) used in Gumbo. Fish, Scott K. Duke Ellington vs Chick Webb: We Tore Them Up, Man. March 1, 2016. https://scottkfish.com/2016/03/01/5221/. [48][49][50] Big band remotes on the major radio networks spread the music from ballrooms and clubs across the country during the 1930s and 1940s, with remote broadcasts from jazz clubs continuing into the 1950s on NBC's Monitor. This intermingling of sections became a defining characteristic of big bands. Sweet Swing (people like Glenn Miller) had less improvisation, was a bit slower, restrained with a slight swing feel, and was for the white upper class dinner parties. attractive to general listeners. When new arrangements are written, they are usually in the same style as the original band. Beacon, 2006. For example, Tommy Dorsey played with a beautiful tone and control on the trombone. In Harlem, the creative and literary arts, Black musicals, and big band entertainment flourished within the movement known as the Harlem Renaissance, in which music played as great or possibly a greater role than literature. ARMSTRONG took "Hot" Jazz to Chicago, where its popularity grew Big band swing was at the forefront of jazz and underwent its most concentrated growth and development from 1930 . But there were a few instrumental popular hits, such as Count Basie's "One O'Clock Jump" and Miller's "In the Mood." 3. Jazz Big Band Seating Placement - Earl MacDonald widespread popularity of big band/swing was accelerated by the rise of dozens [30], Some big ensembles, like King Oliver's, played music that was half-arranged, half-improvised, often relying on head arrangements. It began as an intensified rhythmic outgrowth of the black Rhythm & It served to distract people from the daily grind of reality. From Gloria Parker had a radio program on which she conducted the largest all-girl orchestra led by a female. Swing Shift: All Girl Bands of the 1940s. Traveling conditions and lodging were difficult, in part due to segregation in most parts of the United States, and the personnel often had to perform having had little sleep and food. Performers played, sang, danced, and presented shows and stand-up comedy in these large entertainment venues. There was a considerable range of styles among the hundreds of popular bands. CROSBY, Frank SINATRA, and Doris DAY, who blossomed as featured vocalists with prominent bands His pioneering vocal style, which treated his voice as an instrument, provided the foundation for vocal jazz interpretation. It was all about showmanship which is epitomised by people like Cab Calloway and Fats Waller. during the World War II years. These musical ensembles associated with the swing era. They were knowledgeable and often biased toward their favorite bands and songs, and sometimes worshipful of famous soloists and vocalists. . highly-improvisatory new style of jazz called "Bebop" was developed Since the 1920s, Jazz Guiding Principals. As a result of the military draft and transportation hardships in the U.S., the swing era ended quickly. violin--Ray Nance), (3) trumpet--Rex Stewart, (4) tenor saxBen Webster, syllables). Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. The swing era represented the pinnacle of jazzs popularity. Vocalists began to strike out on their own. of the most creative composers in the history of jazz, particularly renowned Ch 7 Quiz Flashcards | Quizlet History of Jazz (Chapter 7) Flashcards | Quizlet the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band He was also one Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. Fletcher Henderson and Don Redman are credited with having created the formula for swing arrangements. (, : This can be best described as "composing and Beside her vocal timbre, her unique style delayed the placement of words and phrases compared with the musical pulse, producing a behind-the-beat effect that became her trademark. Swing band music was organized in homophonywhere two or more instruments played similar or complementary lines. jazz-fusion (combining elements of jazz and rock musics). who specialized in less improvised tunes with more emphasis on sentimentality, featuring somewhat slower-paced, often heart-felt songs.[43]. They used their voices as instruments to demonstrate their command of scat singing. He would conduct his band from his drum set. The Great Depression, which started with the stock market crash in 1929, and WWII which ended in 1945. !/$v}5cliH_+B9W#PBY]C ::B) During the 1960s and '70s, Sun Ra and his Arketstra took big bands further out. The popularity of many of the major bands was amplified by star vocalists, such as Frank Sinatra with Tommy Dorsey, Helen O'Connell and Bob Eberly with Jimmy Dorsey, Ella Fitzgerald with Chick Webb, Billie Holiday and Jimmy Rushing with Count Basie, Dick Haymes and Helen Forrest with Harry James, Doris Day with Les Brown,[40] and Peggy Lee with Benny Goodman. While the trumpet is commonly featured in a swing band, a saxophone is also often used to enhance melodies. The trumpeter blows on the mouthpiece at one end of the trumpet with closed lips, and the sound wave reverberates through the tube until it exits out the widened far end of the instrument. [20] Arrangers frequently notate all or most of the score of a given number, usually referred to as a "chart". Among all the jazz vocalists that followed, most cite her as having the most influence on their scatting style. Cool Jazz Fletchers [Henderson] band had the same elements; so did Benny Motens back in 1932, when Basie played with him., Every week they would feature a guest band at the Savoy Ballroom. endstream endobj 1558 0 obj <>stream are described below. When the trumpets and saxophones are combined in a musical accompaniment, they can lead a vibrant and multi-toned swing melody. ways. Ellington expanded Armstrong's small Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, and Jimmie Lunceford each led orchestras that achieved international standing. The Timeline of African American Music by Portia K. Maultsby, Ph.D. presents the remarkable diversity of African American music, revealing the unique characteristics of each genre and style, from the earliest folk traditions to present-day popular music. shows the development of the main jazz styles in relation to other aspects of is called the "12-bar blues." Print, p. 226, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Ellingtonians salute swing era clarinets", Discography of American Historical Recordings: Charles Magnante's Accordion Quartette with guitar and string bass on uscb.edu, "Leone Jump; Swing Low, Sweet Chariot; The Jazz Me Blues; Nursery Rhymes", Discography of American Historical Recordings- John Serrapica (aka John Serry) as a member of the Charles Magnante Accordion Quartette with guitar and string bass on uscb.edu, "JazzTimes 10: Great Modern Big-Band Recordings", "Difference Between Music Composer & Arranger", "Composer Maria Schneider Returns, With A Reckoning, On 'Data Lords', "Billy Strayhorn's Lush Life Beyond Duke Ellington", "Big Band Arranging: for composers, orchestrators and arrangers: 16, Solos and Backgrounds", "Inside the Score in the 21st Century: Techniques for Contemporary Large Jazz Ensemble Composition", "1910s Pop Trend: The Ragtime Dance Craze", "George Robert Crosby Bandleader, Vocalist, Actor, Radio/TV Host", "Sounds of Hot Jazz Stay Warm: Harry James Band to Play at the Mission", "Chapter 11. [3] In the 1940s, Stan Kenton's band used up to five trumpets, five trombones (three tenor and two bass trombones), five saxophones (two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, one baritone saxophone), and a rhythm section. Benny Goodman (19091986) was a superior clarinetist who began appearing on stage by the age of twelve. Swing music was performed by a larger ensemble consisting of saxophones (sometimes also clarinets), trumpets, and trombones. clip on the basic jazz rhythm section. (Click Which white swing clarinetist and bandleader, who spent as much of his early career as he could in Harlem, once said, "I was actually leading the life of a Negro musician"? Swing bands featured orchestras with sections of trumpets, saxophones, and. Jazz elements into his famous musical, Only hotel-type bands such as that of Guy Lombardo and select jazz players such as Benny Goodman found consistent employment. Many Kansas City bands featured head arrangements, which were . The popularity of their bands in the mainstream reveals the extent to which jazz and blues had become the most popular dance music of the 1930s and 1940s. art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. style known as SWING. [22] Some bandleaders, such as Guy Lombardo, performed works composed by others (in Lombardo's case, often by his brother Carmen),[23] while others, such as Maria Schneider, take on all three roles. Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under political boss Tom Pendergast, Kansas City jam sessions went on well beyond sunrise, fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique music culture, attracting many bands from the Southwest known as territory bands, such as Bennie Motens orchestra and the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. has undergone several stylisdtic transformations, the most significant of which performing at the same time. In contrast to the typical jazz emphasis on improvisation, big bands relied on written compositions and arrangements. And because of this, Swing had a greater emphasis on written-out composition and arrangements. African American theaters and night clubs, the Apollo, the Savoy, and the Lafayette, became legendary for presenting jazz combos and orchestras. hmk6^/,$mA% interacts with the bass and drums, and how the beat is divided up in complex Louis ARMSTRONG (1900-1971): Hotter Than That (1927). 1U^ p(s XA@H:@!+H30q:pYL4#9 S [51] Fictionalized biographical films of Glenn Miller, Gene Krupa, and Benny Goodman were made in the 1950s. Many bands featured strong instrumentalists whose sounds dominated, such as the clarinets of Benny Goodman and Artie Shaw, the trombone of Jack Teagarden, the trumpet of Harry James, the drums of Gene Krupa, and the vibes of Lionel Hampton. - a jazz choir (with or without instrumental accompaniment): Jazz combos often feature virtuoso performers, on That makes them the shrimp or Andouille sausage in the Gumbo that is swing music. With the exception of Jelly Roll Morton, who continued playing in the New Orleans style, bandleaders paid attention to the demand for dance music and created their own big bands. "big band" backup, the most famous example, The Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy from projected in the way the drums and bass express the beat, how the piano of the United States between 1920 and 1970. While all my lessons are free, if you find them useful please consider donating to help keep them coming. Other bandleaders used Brazilian and Afro-Cuban music with big band instrumentation, and big bands led by arranger Gil Evans, saxophonist John Coltrane (on the album Ascension from 1965) and bass guitarist Jaco Pastorius introduced cool jazz, free jazz and jazz fusion, respectively, to the big band domain.